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Start the slice at index 6 and end the slice 5 positions later:

$x = "Hello World!";
echo substr($x, 6, 5);

Example

Start the slice at index 6 and go all the way to the end:

$x = "Hello World!";
echo substr($x, 6);

Example

Get the 3 characters, starting from the "o" in world (index -5):

$x = "Hello World!";
echo substr($x, -5, 3);

Example

From the string "Hi, how are you?", get the characters starting from index 5, and continue until you reach the 3. character from the end (index -3).

Should end up with "ow are y":

$x = "Hi, how are you?";
echo substr($x, 5, -3);